The Count Rumford Fireplace

by Lisa Hassler

When we first viewed the c. 1827 home that we would ultimately purchase, we were thrilled with the four fireplaces.  The home had once been a double dwelling house for the workers at the Boston and Sandwich Glass Company.  Each side of the house has a kitchen fireplace, with a beehive oven, and a parlor fireplace.  And each fireplace has the tell tale angled walls of a Rumford style fireplace.

Sir Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford)
birthplace in Woburn, MA

Count Rumford, born Sir Benjamin Thompson in 1753, was a soldier, statesman, inventor, scientist and humanitarian.  He was born in Woburn, MA and studied at Harvard.  Being a loyalist, he left for England in 1776 where he was later made a fellow of the Royal Society.  His title was bestowed in 1790 when he was made count of the Holy Roman Empire.  Interestingly, "Rumford" came from the place where he lived in NH at age 19 (now Concord).

A fireplace in the Benjamin Thompson house

His name lives on through his contributions to science, and in particular, his advancements to heating.
In 1798 and 1799, Count Rumford wrote a series of 3 essays describing the ills of the common form of construction of a fireplace and the remedy to save fuel and increase comfort:

Chimney Fireplaces, with proposals for improving them to save fuel; to render dwelling houses more comfortable, and salubrious, and effectually to prevent chimneys from smoking.


p. 547

Shows the common construction of a fireplace prior to alteration

p. 549

Shows the same fireplace after Count Rumford's suggested improvements

Rumford's suggested improvements caught on like wildfire (pun intended)

Fireplace in the Cobb House Museum, Brewster

Kitchen fireplace, home in Yarmouth Port

According to Monticello.org, Thomas Jefferson's Monticello has 8 Rumford style fireplaces.

Jefferson wrote to his friend, Wilson Cary Nicholas regarding the dimensions of his Rumford fireplaces:

Mr. P. Carr informed me two days ago that you wished for the dimensions of the Rumford fireplaces.  I therefore avail myself of the first post to send them.  I state them as I have used them myself, with great satisfaction, the back one half of the opening.  Count Rumford makes the back but one third of the opening, this was to accommodate them to coal; but it renders them impracticable for wood.  My larger fireplaces I make 2 f in the back & 4 f in front; those for bed-rooms 19 1/2 i in back & 3 f - 3 i in front.  The opening of the former 3 f - 3 i or 3 f - 6 i high, the latter 3 f high.

Monticello, South Square Room, facing East

Which brings me back to my fireplaces - none of which are currently working.  We are having them parged inside and re-pointed where needed.  Our mason tells us that the fireplaces have great draw - Yay Rumford!

Sources:

MACRIS Inventory form

Middlesex Canal Society 

Monticello

Using the Bee Hive Oven in your Historic Home

I admit it, I'm cold.  With temperatures below freezing day after day, I'm dreaming of lighting a fire in our cozy early 19th c. cape.  Oh wait, I can't. Because a previous owner took the chimney down below the roof line on one chimney and the furnace is vented through the other.  Sound familiar?  Opening and using our chimneys is on my "to do" list.  Until then, I have to live vicariously through those of you who actually have working fireplaces.

There is one feature in the kitchen fireplace that I particularly would like to see working.... the bee hive oven.  I have visited Old Sturbridge Village and the Nye Family Homestead on days when they are demonstrating hearth cooking.

Nye Family Homestead, E. Sandwich, MA
Autumn Gathering

I learned that everyday baking, say some rolls for dinner, could be cooked on the hearth using a tin kitchen.  You've probably seen "tin kitchens" used to roast meat in the open hearth.  Some were fitted with a rack to allow a pie, rolls or cookies to be baked at the hearth.  However, one day a week, the bake oven would be fired up to do the major baking for the week.

Illustration of a tin kitchen - this one fitted with a rotisserie 

The process involved building a fire in the oven (the upper chamber) which was vented by a flue to the chimney.    The fire would be fed until about an armload of seasoned wood was burned.  At the beginning, the metal oven door would be propped against the opening, allowing some air in.  When the wood burned to coals, the door would be closed to conserve the heat.  The process would take approximately 1 1/2 hours.  To test whether the oven was hot enough, a cook would put her hand in the oven and count.  If she could count to 20 without having to withdraw her hand, the oven was cool enough.  But if she could count to 30, it was not hot enough for bread.

Under the bake oven opening, there is another square opening.  This is the ash pit.  It is not vented with a flue and sometimes has a wood ceiling.  It is not meant to have a fire, or hot ash in it.   Once the oven is hot enough, the coals and ash are removed with a metal peel and put in a corner of the fireplace.
The oven floor is cleaned with a water soaked broom.

When the oven is at the proper temperature, the items that need to be cooked at a higher temperature, like breads and rolls are put in first.  They are followed by pies and cookies and finally baked beans.

Have you used your bake oven?  Please share your triumphs (and defeats!)

I've always wanted to take classes in hearth cooking.

There are some upcoming classes offered at Old Sturbridge Village:

Families Cook, $85 - school vacation week, Feb 20, 2013
Dinner in a Country Village, $85 Booking for 2014

and at the Caleb Nickerson House in Chatham, MA
Hands on Beehive Oven Baking, Feb 3rd, 2013 Noon to 3PM
Open Hearth Cooking Class, March 10th, 9 AM to 4 PM

For more info on hearth cooking and baking:

"The Forgotton Art of Building and Using a Brick Bake Oven, How to date, renovate or use an existing brick oven, or to construct a new one".  Richard M. Bacon, Alan C. Hood & Company, Inc. Chambersburg, PA Copyright 1977

"The Open-Hearth Cookbook, Recapturing the Flavor of Early America", Suzanne Goldenson with Doris Simpson, Alan C. Hood & Company, Inc. Chambersburg, PA Copyright 2006

"Old Sturbridge Village Cookbook, Authentic Early American Recipes for the Modern Kitchen", Edited by Debra Friedman and Jack Larkin, Three Forks, Guilford, Connecticut, Helena, Montana, Copyright 2009

"Our Own Snug Fireside, Images of the New England Home 1760-1860", Jane C. Nylander, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, Copyright 1994